Lo Statutodi Calomni del 1586 è stato trovato in un archivio privato, per caso, dal Sig. Guglielmo Lera. Si presentava come manoscritto e sulla prima pagina era scritto "Libro dei Capitoli, et ordini della Comunità di Calomini nuovamente ricopiato dal primo lacero, con l'aggiunta di cinque Capitoli per miglior governo di essa Comunità".
L'atto risulta stipulato in Calomini presso la Chiesa, il 28 Dicembre 1586, da quindici persone, uomini superiori ai diciotto anni a cui era affidata ogni decisione nell'ambito della Comunità.
I capitoli, fatte poche esclusioni, si possono dividere in due grossi gruppi:
a) gruppo dei capitoli diretti a precisare quelle che, per la comunità, erano considerati danni vitali e di conseguenza le pene riservate ai colpevoli.
b) gruppo dei capitoli in cui sono elencati i diritti civili e religiosi dei cittadini con l'ammontare delle pene in caso di inadempienza. Calomini e le altre località addossate al massiccio della Pania fondavano la propria esistenza su di un economia, agricolo-pastorale e sullo sfruttamento delle riserve di legname dei boschi.
Ogni paese aveva poi beni demaniali, che costituivano la maggior fonte di proventi delle piccole comunità. Naturalmente per il bene di tutti erano previsti doveri civili e religiosi che si richiamavano al buon senso e invocavano il rispetto di Dio della legge, del prossimo e di comuni interessi.
lunedì 4 febbraio 2008
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Cap.VIII
Capitolo VIII
Item statuimo, et ordiniamo, che alcuna persona, tanto terriera, come forestiera non possi andare né luoghi d’altri a coglier castagne, uva, fave, peselli, grano, panico, rappe noce, ne qualsivoglia altra sorte di frutti sotto pena di bolognini dieci per ciascuna persona, et ciascuna volta , et ogn’uno possi accusare, come di sopra, oltre all’emendatione del danno al patiente, et le dette pene si raddoppieranno, quando si darà il danno per tempo di notte, d’applicarsi, come sopra.
Item statuimo, et ordiniamo, che alcuna persona, tanto terriera, come forestiera non possi andare né luoghi d’altri a coglier castagne, uva, fave, peselli, grano, panico, rappe noce, ne qualsivoglia altra sorte di frutti sotto pena di bolognini dieci per ciascuna persona, et ciascuna volta , et ogn’uno possi accusare, come di sopra, oltre all’emendatione del danno al patiente, et le dette pene si raddoppieranno, quando si darà il danno per tempo di notte, d’applicarsi, come sopra.
Cap.XI
Capitolo XI
Item per provedere ad ogni cosa di danni dati, s’ordina, et statuisce, conforme all’Instrumento sopra ciò di comun consenso, che l’Offitiale sia tenuto prima che si ponghi la Colta, andare casa per casa dando con i presenti Capitoli il giuramento a ciascuna persona maschia, ò femina purche sia in età atta a tal attione, è questo acciò dichi, e palesi, se habbia portato ferri proibiti, come di sopra, ne visto portargli, ne con quelli haver dato, ne visto dare, tagliando contro il soprad.o statuto, danno alcuno, et caso ché qualche persona recusasse giurare cada in pena di bolognini dieci per ciascheduna volta, da pagarsi, et applicarsi, come di s.
Item per provedere ad ogni cosa di danni dati, s’ordina, et statuisce, conforme all’Instrumento sopra ciò di comun consenso, che l’Offitiale sia tenuto prima che si ponghi la Colta, andare casa per casa dando con i presenti Capitoli il giuramento a ciascuna persona maschia, ò femina purche sia in età atta a tal attione, è questo acciò dichi, e palesi, se habbia portato ferri proibiti, come di sopra, ne visto portargli, ne con quelli haver dato, ne visto dare, tagliando contro il soprad.o statuto, danno alcuno, et caso ché qualche persona recusasse giurare cada in pena di bolognini dieci per ciascheduna volta, da pagarsi, et applicarsi, come di s.
venerdì 1 febbraio 2008
Introduction
The Statute of Calomini 1586
Edited by Anna Bonanno
Translated by Elisabeth Evans
Proofreader Alexander Ross
Introduction
The Statute of Calomini, dating from 1586, and the five chapters that were added by the Vergemoli Community in 1768, was found purely by chance by Mr. Guglielmo Lera.
The document he found was in the form of a manuscript on the first page of which was written: Book of the Chapters and Orders of the Community of Calomini, from the original aged text, and with an additional five Chapters on the better administration of the Communities interests.
The original statute was certified in the Church of Calomini, by a group of trusted male community officials, all having reached at least the age of eighteen years, on the 28 December, 1586, and all being competent to scrutinise and approve the various resolutions laid down in the Statute.
The meeting was attended by two witnesses: Antonio Venturelli di Calomini and Cesare Papini di Trassalico, who was a public notary, document drafter, and authorised signatory.
From the various chapters of the Statute, we learn that the elected parliamentarians were male citizens who had achieved at least the age of eighteen. They were willingly subject to the administration of four Governors and an Official charged with the execution of day-to-day affairs in the interests of the Community.
The Chapters of the Statute resolve into two groups:
Those that provide information about the principal bye-laws of the Community, and the penalties invoked for breach of these regulations.
Those that detail the civil and religious rights of the individual citizens, and the penalties invoked for breach of these rights.
Chapter one
It is decreed and ordered that, irrespective of sex, social class, nationality, or otherwise, no person within the jurisdiction of Calomini may cut or otherwise interfere with the trees within the Community, these being: chestnut trees; turkey oaks; oaks; walnut trees, pear trees; apple trees; cherry trees; plum trees; fig trees; any other fruit trees.
In case of breach, all damage must be paid in full, and the amount of such damage will be determined by the Community officials. There will also be a fixed supplementary fine amounting to half a scudo and five bolognini[1] per tree.
[1] Bolognino: ancient coin coined in Bologna’s county starting 1191
Scudo: golden or silver coin used in many Italian states with a shield shaped coat of arms impressed on.
The scudo was a common denomination among the Italian states until the 19th century. It was a large silver coin, although sizes varied.
The baiocchi of Bologna were called bolognini, while the gold bolognino was equivalent to a gold sequin. The lira, also a Bolognese coin, was worth twenty bolognini. These coins were struch in the name of the commune; it is only from the time when Bologna was recovered by the Holy See, under Clement VI, that Bolognese coins may be regarded as papal.
Chapter two
No foreign person may export or otherwise remove wood from the territory of Calomini that has been cut from any tree, whether it be green or dry.
In case of breach, on each occasion, each person will be fined twenty bologninos.
No person may cut any species of trees, even if they are not fruit trees.
In case of breach, the fine will be twenty bologninos per tree.
The fines collected will be divided into three equal parts and distributed as follows: one part to the chamber; one part to the town hall; one part to the accuser.
The latter's identity will remain anonymous, but if his oath is deemed untrustworthy, he will be fined.
Chapter three
We declare that any inhabitant of Calomini can be fined, and no one, save on his own property, is permitted to cut chestnut trees, turkey oaks, oaks, walnut-trees, pear-trees, apple-trees, cherry-trees, plum-trees, fig-trees or any other trees.
Any fines will be applied in accordance with the previous chapters.
Chapter four
It is decreed and established that no one living outside of Calomini County may pasture or house any kind of cattle in Calomini County.
In case of breach, the fine will be twenty bologninos per herd of small cattle, provided that the herd does not exceed twenty head, or five bologninos per head of large cattle.
Any person may assume the role of accuser, and bring an accusation against any other person or persons, according to the procedures set out in Chapter Two.
Chapter five
We declare that precise procedures must be followed when accusing persons responsible for damage.
The county official, or any other deputy, is required to keep a record of the names of the accused.
He is also required to record the date of the accusation, the date the damage occurred, the place where the damage occurred, the nature of the damage, the type of animals unlawfully pastured or housed, or any other kind of damage alleged by the accuser.
The accuser is required to state the number of days since the damage occurred and report the damage, or have it registered by the county official, or a county deputy, as prescribed above.
Chapter six
Shepherds, whether local of foreign, are forbidden to carry, when with their herds, knives or other cutting weapons exceeding the length of a palm, and in case of breach, the fine will be ten bologninos per person per offence.
On the days when the shepherds move their herds from place to place, they may carry a permitted knife, but they may not use it to cut, otherwise they will be fined.
Chapter seven
It is decreed and established that no one, whether local or foreign, may light fires or burn anything within Calomini County, on lands woods, meadows, or other properties, whether private or public.
In case of breach, the fine will be one scudo per person per offence. For offenders under the age of sixteen, the fine will be twenty bologninos per offence. In all cases, damage compensation must be paid to the landowner and the county.
Chapter eight
It is decreed and established that no one, whether local or foreign, may trespass on another's property to pick chestnuts, grapes, broad beans, peas, millet turnips, walnuts, or other types of fruit.
In case of breach, the fine will be ten bologninos per person per offence by which the offender has taken advantage of another's vegetable garden.
Any person of the right age, having sworn an oath, may assume the role of accuser, and bring an accusation against any other person or persons. Those accused and found guilty of damage, must pay compensation to the injured party or parties; fines will be doubled in respect of damage inflicted at night.
Chapter nine
The four governors require the official to convene a meeting of men, according to occasions and needs arising in the daily affairs of the community.
Attendance at these meeting is essential to the community, and those who default by failing to attend will be subject to a summary fine of five bologninos, which must be paid immediately.
In case the fine is not paid immediately, it will be doubled.
Chapter ten
To address the negligence of those who fail to attend spiritual and pious ceremonies, the women and a man from each family must participate in prayers, processions, and illuminations organised by the county.
They must also attend every requiem, and may not leave the church before the final farewell to the deceased.
In case of breach, a fine of five bologninos will be imposed, which must be paid in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the previous chapter.
Chapter eleven
It is decreed and established that before the harvest, the official is required to go from house to house, with the statute, and ensure that all occupants that qualify by age, both male and female, swear on oath to obey the statute.
Each person is required to declare if they have carried knives, or seen others carrying knives that exceed the length of one palm, or if they have caused damage or know of damage caused by others, in contravention to the statute.
Anyone refusing to swear this oath will be required to pay a fine of ten bologninos on each occasion.
Chapter twelve
When neglect is apparent, it is decreed and established by the officials and governors, that one member of each family be required to repair the roads, whenever this is deemed to be necessary.
In case of breach, persons above the age of fifteen will be subject to a fine of five bologninos.
Chapter thirteen
It is decreed and established that everyone, whether local or foreign, may harvest grapes on the prescribed day, within the territory of the county.
In case of breach, the fine will be one scudo, save for those with express permission from the county.
Chapter fourteen
It is decreed and established, in order to avoid damage to Fountain Farm, all types of animal will be excluded from the area bounded by the common road, from the hill up to the church, the Pizzone over the Pollini, and the Rio Canal, including Macchia's Forest.
This proclamation will take effect from the middle of March until the end of November, during which time no one may pasture cattle, or otherwise they will be subject to a fine of ten bologninos per herd of small cattle, or two bologninos per herd of large cattle.
Chapter fifteen
It is decreed and ordered that each inhabitant of this county, aged between eighteen and sixty years of age, is required to swear, prior to every harvest, that they have not cut, seen others cutting, or instructed others to cut turkey oaks, oaks, chestnut trees, or any other green tree, otherwise they will be subject to a fine of forty bologninos per person per offence.
Chapter sixteen
No inhabitant of the County of Calomini may let houses or huts of any type to any foreigner from outside of the county, otherwise landlords breaking this rule will be subject to a fine of four scudos per offence.
Foreigners who obtain a licence to rent within the county will be subject to an annual levy of one scudo.
The salani and all sharecroppers are exempt from this regulation.
Chapter seventeen
Governors with temporary responsibilities in this county, require permission to grant licences to private inhabitants, allowing them to cut any type of tree within the county, for wood required for building houses or huts, without fear of penalties.
In all cases, those granted such a licence will be required to pay tax to the county, in a sum to be decided by the governors.
Edited by Anna Bonanno
Translated by Elisabeth Evans
Proofreader Alexander Ross
Introduction
The Statute of Calomini, dating from 1586, and the five chapters that were added by the Vergemoli Community in 1768, was found purely by chance by Mr. Guglielmo Lera.
The document he found was in the form of a manuscript on the first page of which was written: Book of the Chapters and Orders of the Community of Calomini, from the original aged text, and with an additional five Chapters on the better administration of the Communities interests.
The original statute was certified in the Church of Calomini, by a group of trusted male community officials, all having reached at least the age of eighteen years, on the 28 December, 1586, and all being competent to scrutinise and approve the various resolutions laid down in the Statute.
The meeting was attended by two witnesses: Antonio Venturelli di Calomini and Cesare Papini di Trassalico, who was a public notary, document drafter, and authorised signatory.
From the various chapters of the Statute, we learn that the elected parliamentarians were male citizens who had achieved at least the age of eighteen. They were willingly subject to the administration of four Governors and an Official charged with the execution of day-to-day affairs in the interests of the Community.
The Chapters of the Statute resolve into two groups:
Those that provide information about the principal bye-laws of the Community, and the penalties invoked for breach of these regulations.
Those that detail the civil and religious rights of the individual citizens, and the penalties invoked for breach of these rights.
Chapter one
It is decreed and ordered that, irrespective of sex, social class, nationality, or otherwise, no person within the jurisdiction of Calomini may cut or otherwise interfere with the trees within the Community, these being: chestnut trees; turkey oaks; oaks; walnut trees, pear trees; apple trees; cherry trees; plum trees; fig trees; any other fruit trees.
In case of breach, all damage must be paid in full, and the amount of such damage will be determined by the Community officials. There will also be a fixed supplementary fine amounting to half a scudo and five bolognini[1] per tree.
[1] Bolognino: ancient coin coined in Bologna’s county starting 1191
Scudo: golden or silver coin used in many Italian states with a shield shaped coat of arms impressed on.
The scudo was a common denomination among the Italian states until the 19th century. It was a large silver coin, although sizes varied.
The baiocchi of Bologna were called bolognini, while the gold bolognino was equivalent to a gold sequin. The lira, also a Bolognese coin, was worth twenty bolognini. These coins were struch in the name of the commune; it is only from the time when Bologna was recovered by the Holy See, under Clement VI, that Bolognese coins may be regarded as papal.
Chapter two
No foreign person may export or otherwise remove wood from the territory of Calomini that has been cut from any tree, whether it be green or dry.
In case of breach, on each occasion, each person will be fined twenty bologninos.
No person may cut any species of trees, even if they are not fruit trees.
In case of breach, the fine will be twenty bologninos per tree.
The fines collected will be divided into three equal parts and distributed as follows: one part to the chamber; one part to the town hall; one part to the accuser.
The latter's identity will remain anonymous, but if his oath is deemed untrustworthy, he will be fined.
Chapter three
We declare that any inhabitant of Calomini can be fined, and no one, save on his own property, is permitted to cut chestnut trees, turkey oaks, oaks, walnut-trees, pear-trees, apple-trees, cherry-trees, plum-trees, fig-trees or any other trees.
Any fines will be applied in accordance with the previous chapters.
Chapter four
It is decreed and established that no one living outside of Calomini County may pasture or house any kind of cattle in Calomini County.
In case of breach, the fine will be twenty bologninos per herd of small cattle, provided that the herd does not exceed twenty head, or five bologninos per head of large cattle.
Any person may assume the role of accuser, and bring an accusation against any other person or persons, according to the procedures set out in Chapter Two.
Chapter five
We declare that precise procedures must be followed when accusing persons responsible for damage.
The county official, or any other deputy, is required to keep a record of the names of the accused.
He is also required to record the date of the accusation, the date the damage occurred, the place where the damage occurred, the nature of the damage, the type of animals unlawfully pastured or housed, or any other kind of damage alleged by the accuser.
The accuser is required to state the number of days since the damage occurred and report the damage, or have it registered by the county official, or a county deputy, as prescribed above.
Chapter six
Shepherds, whether local of foreign, are forbidden to carry, when with their herds, knives or other cutting weapons exceeding the length of a palm, and in case of breach, the fine will be ten bologninos per person per offence.
On the days when the shepherds move their herds from place to place, they may carry a permitted knife, but they may not use it to cut, otherwise they will be fined.
Chapter seven
It is decreed and established that no one, whether local or foreign, may light fires or burn anything within Calomini County, on lands woods, meadows, or other properties, whether private or public.
In case of breach, the fine will be one scudo per person per offence. For offenders under the age of sixteen, the fine will be twenty bologninos per offence. In all cases, damage compensation must be paid to the landowner and the county.
Chapter eight
It is decreed and established that no one, whether local or foreign, may trespass on another's property to pick chestnuts, grapes, broad beans, peas, millet turnips, walnuts, or other types of fruit.
In case of breach, the fine will be ten bologninos per person per offence by which the offender has taken advantage of another's vegetable garden.
Any person of the right age, having sworn an oath, may assume the role of accuser, and bring an accusation against any other person or persons. Those accused and found guilty of damage, must pay compensation to the injured party or parties; fines will be doubled in respect of damage inflicted at night.
Chapter nine
The four governors require the official to convene a meeting of men, according to occasions and needs arising in the daily affairs of the community.
Attendance at these meeting is essential to the community, and those who default by failing to attend will be subject to a summary fine of five bologninos, which must be paid immediately.
In case the fine is not paid immediately, it will be doubled.
Chapter ten
To address the negligence of those who fail to attend spiritual and pious ceremonies, the women and a man from each family must participate in prayers, processions, and illuminations organised by the county.
They must also attend every requiem, and may not leave the church before the final farewell to the deceased.
In case of breach, a fine of five bologninos will be imposed, which must be paid in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the previous chapter.
Chapter eleven
It is decreed and established that before the harvest, the official is required to go from house to house, with the statute, and ensure that all occupants that qualify by age, both male and female, swear on oath to obey the statute.
Each person is required to declare if they have carried knives, or seen others carrying knives that exceed the length of one palm, or if they have caused damage or know of damage caused by others, in contravention to the statute.
Anyone refusing to swear this oath will be required to pay a fine of ten bologninos on each occasion.
Chapter twelve
When neglect is apparent, it is decreed and established by the officials and governors, that one member of each family be required to repair the roads, whenever this is deemed to be necessary.
In case of breach, persons above the age of fifteen will be subject to a fine of five bologninos.
Chapter thirteen
It is decreed and established that everyone, whether local or foreign, may harvest grapes on the prescribed day, within the territory of the county.
In case of breach, the fine will be one scudo, save for those with express permission from the county.
Chapter fourteen
It is decreed and established, in order to avoid damage to Fountain Farm, all types of animal will be excluded from the area bounded by the common road, from the hill up to the church, the Pizzone over the Pollini, and the Rio Canal, including Macchia's Forest.
This proclamation will take effect from the middle of March until the end of November, during which time no one may pasture cattle, or otherwise they will be subject to a fine of ten bologninos per herd of small cattle, or two bologninos per herd of large cattle.
Chapter fifteen
It is decreed and ordered that each inhabitant of this county, aged between eighteen and sixty years of age, is required to swear, prior to every harvest, that they have not cut, seen others cutting, or instructed others to cut turkey oaks, oaks, chestnut trees, or any other green tree, otherwise they will be subject to a fine of forty bologninos per person per offence.
Chapter sixteen
No inhabitant of the County of Calomini may let houses or huts of any type to any foreigner from outside of the county, otherwise landlords breaking this rule will be subject to a fine of four scudos per offence.
Foreigners who obtain a licence to rent within the county will be subject to an annual levy of one scudo.
The salani and all sharecroppers are exempt from this regulation.
Chapter seventeen
Governors with temporary responsibilities in this county, require permission to grant licences to private inhabitants, allowing them to cut any type of tree within the county, for wood required for building houses or huts, without fear of penalties.
In all cases, those granted such a licence will be required to pay tax to the county, in a sum to be decided by the governors.
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